@InProceedings{AlvaradoSanCarGieSan:2004:LaFrFi,
               author = "Alvarado, Ernesto. and Sandberg, David V. and Carvalho 
                         J{\'u}nior, Jo{\~a}o Andrade de and Gielow, Ralf and Santos, 
                         Jos{\'e} Carlos dos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais.} and {University of 
                         Washington.} and {US Forest Service.} and Faculdade de Engenharia 
                         de Guaratinguet{\'a}, Universidade Estadual Paulista.",
                title = "Landscape fragmentation and fire vulnerability in primary forest 
                         adjacent to recent land clearings in the Amazon arc of 
                         deforestation",
            booktitle = "Anais...",
                 year = "2004",
               editor = "Soares, Ronaldo Viana. and Batista, Antonio Carlos. and Nunes, 
                         Jos{\'e} Renato Soares",
         organization = "Simp{\'o}sio Sul-Americano Sobre Controle de Inc{\^e}ndios 
                         Florestais, 3.",
            publisher = "UFPR",
             keywords = "COMBUST{\~A}O, queimada, microclima, forests, fires, 
                         fragmentation, microclimatology, Amazon region (South America).",
             abstract = "Tropical forests throughout the world are disappearing or 
                         deteriorating to a very rapid pace. Among the most significant 
                         causes is the change in land use by the conversion of land use to 
                         agriculture, pasture, or urbanization. Selective logging and 
                         natural factors also account for a large portion of tropical 
                         forest loss. Although there are large efforts by national and 
                         international governments and agencies to curtail the rapid loss 
                         of such forests, there is a disturbing increasing trend of loss of 
                         tropical forest resources. There are apparent successes in 
                         government programs, but gains seem only temporary. For instance, 
                         massive deforestation occurred in the Brazilian Amazon forest 
                         during the 1970s and 1980s. It does continue but slowed down on 
                         the 1990s due to Brazils government policies. However, recent 
                         assessments show that it is on the increase again and now with 
                         different spatial patterns than before (Skole and Tucker 1993, 
                         INPE 2002, INPE 2003, Laurance et al. 2001). Occurrence of 
                         catastrophic wildfires in the last few decades in different parts 
                         of the world has raised awareness of devastating local and 
                         regional effects and the potential impact across international 
                         borders. In addition, a steady increase of wildfire risk has been 
                         detected in the last couple of decades in temperate and tropical 
                         ecosystems. Noticeably, uncontrollable wildfires in the tropics 
                         have increased in number and extent at rates higher than temperate 
                         forests. Ordinarily, undisturbed tropical rain forest is 
                         considered a fireproof ecosystem, however, severe fires occur 
                         during sustained droughts when the ecosystem is dry enough to 
                         sustain smoldering combustion, or when the canopy is disturbed by 
                         natural events or human activities. Those climate and forest 
                         conditions are concurring more often in the tropical world. The 
                         1998/99 wildfire seasons in Mexico, Central America, 
                         Amaz{\^o}nia, and several other countries across the world 
                         signaled how vulnerable tropical ecosystems are becoming to 
                         wildfires and that the immediate effects can be felt across 
                         borders. The tropical southern Mexico and the state of Roraima in 
                         the northern Brazilian Amazon were heavily impacted during that 
                         wildfire season (Cairns and others 1998; Kirchhoff and Escada 
                         1998). Extensive damage has also been observed in several parts of 
                         the Amazonian forest. These severe and extensive wildfires are a 
                         threat to the ecological integrity, biodiversity and 
                         sustainability of tropical forests. Those severe fire seasons also 
                         have shown that some land use/land cover types are more vulnerable 
                         than other types and that generalizations cannot be made in terms 
                         of flammability or carbon emissions from tropical ecosystems. An 
                         increasing amount of fire usage, coupled with large areas of 
                         forest vulnerable to fire, creates a new threat to the integrity 
                         and sustainability of the tropical forests in Amazonia and 
                         elsewhere in the tropical world. Forest wildfires that start form 
                         from escaped agriculture and rangeland fires are becoming more 
                         common throughout the tropical world. Fire has been observed to 
                         spread under the canopy for long distances and smolder for long 
                         periods on rotten trunks where it can remain active for long 
                         periods. Those accidental fires cause approximately onehalf of the 
                         area burned in the Amazon forest of Brazil, and are often 
                         associated fires that start in adjacent areas cleared for 
                         agriculture or transportation corridors (Nepstad and others 1999, 
                         Uhl and Kauffman 1990).",
  conference-location = "Curitiba",
      conference-year = "14-17 jun. 2004",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "67216.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "06 maio 2024"
}